The Evolutionary Demography of the Fertility-Mortality Quasi-Equilibrium

摘要: Life history characteristics are an evolutionary response to probabilities of survival under given environmental conditions. Optimizing strategies used maximize fitness in association with creature comforts. The fertility outcome this scheme is the production two children. A quasi-equilibrium re-established after adjustment impacts from technological innovations plagues wars and other events. There evidence little growth population size until onset industrialization. trend industrialization was for surviving female reproduction slightly more than offspring due according some scholars individual regulation "good society" but view discredited by biologists demographers. Other explanations refer established living standards available resources technical ability extract environment. balance shifted when productivity outpaced growth. Charles Darwin contributed counter explanation that outpaces stability characteristic all species. Modern theory allows planning success future generations. constraints scarcity sustenance variable limitations on need further specifies behavioral physiological anatomical factors. Biologic studies predict a high mortality benefits most early large number smaller who energy-economic. Human consciously or unconsciously provided reproductive psychology evolved through natural selection. Mortality internalized reaching puberty sexual activity earlier engaging shorter less stable pair bonds investing fewer