Biology and management of the face fly Musca autumnalis Degeer (Diptera : Muscidae) in North America

摘要: The face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, completes its life cycle in 16-21 days under field conditions. After mating, females actively and selectively seek protein from the mucous membranes secretions of eye nose cattle. Females are facultatively haematophagous. Face flies among first insects to arrive at freshly dropped dung, on which they feed oviposit. Dung that has been open sunny areas is preferred oviposition site. Generally 20-26 eggs laid per ovarian cycle, with most completing 2-3 cycles a lifetime. Males occasionally found feeding cattle; however, much their time spent resting objects surrounding pasture. introduction North America Europe, fly spread rapidly across continent, often appearing ip explosive numbers. Initial reports adverse effects livestock productivity were exaggerated; research now indicates more an aesthetic problem producers than Nevertheless, can transmit eyeworms causal organism pinkeye. Recently, Sweden, identified as intermediate host filarial nematode could have significant impact livestock. Despite lack scientific data economic importance considerable effort devoted toward finding suitable control