Effectiveness of modifying existing fences to deter deer and elk from crops and high-value pastures

摘要: Big game can damage crops and compete with livestock for valuable forage. Ranchers have reported their tolerance big would increase if the animals could be prevented from using key areas critical use. Likewise, some farmers high value that must protected. Fences provide most consistent long term control compared to other deterrent methods, but are costly erect. Traditional complete construction of fences cost more than $9,000 per kilometer materials. Costs erecting deer proof fencing greatly reduced an existing fence is modified instead being replaced entirely. The objective this study was investigate possibility modifying prohibit (Odocoileus spp.) elk (Cervus elaphus) crossings. Forty exclosures were constructed test 4 different modifications across southwest Montana. Exclosures baited monitored two winters determine how well they detered ungulate Results indicate effective made $827 $2187 Different designs proved varying levels effectiveness, 1.8 m woven wire 100% effective. These a cost-effective way out wildlife in many high-value where traditional not practical. If ranchers keep important foraging areas, these on rest property may as depredation losses decrease.