Petroleum Exploration and Production: Past and Present Environmental Issues in the Nigeria's Niger Delta

摘要: Petroleum exploration and production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta region export of oil gas resources by petroleum sector has substantially improved nation’s economy over past five decades. However, activities associated with exploration, development operations have local detrimental significant impacts on atmosphere, soils sediments, surface groundwater, marine environment terrestrial ecosystems Delta. Discharges hydrocarbon petroleum–derived waste streams caused environmental pollution, adverse human health effects, socio–economic problems degradation host communities 9 oil–producing states region. Many approaches been developed for management production–related several laws institutionalized to regulate Nigerian industry. existing statutory regulations protection appear be grossly inadequate some multinational companies operating failed adopt sustainable practices prevent pollution. This review examines implications further highlights present issues exploitation Although effective understanding is importance developing strategies, there a need more multidisciplinary risk mitigation