Indicators for Assessing Threats to Freshwater Biodiversity from Humans and Human-Shaped Landscapes

摘要: Whereas high human population density generally indicates a stress to nearby aquatic communities, the opposite is not always true. Because freshwaters integrate disturbances from their upstream catchments and may also be affected by downstream activities via upstream–downstream connections, location of humans impacts can spatially disconnected. The latter part this chapter focuses on threat assessments over large areas in which limited data are available. most conservation have been undertaken data-rich temperate world, particularly study covering mid- small-size catchments, we illustrate approaches that taken at global, continental (Africa), river basin (Niger) levels, employing data. We conclude discussing research priorities need address key gaps hinder assessment ultimately impede managers’ abilities mitigate threats.