Changes in pathways and vectors of biological invasions in Northwest Europe

摘要: We assessed how establishment patterns of non-native freshwater, marine and terrestrial species into Northwest Europe (using Great Britain, France, Belgium the Netherlands as study countries) have changed over time, identified prevalent pathways vectors recent arrivals. Data were extracted from 33 sources on (a) presence/absence (b) first year observation in wild each country, (c) continent(s) origin, (d) invasion pathway(s), (e) vector(s) (f) environment(s) for 359 species, comprising all Mollusca, Osteichthyes (bony fish), Anseriformes (wildfowl) Mammalia, invasive Angiospermae present area. Molluscs, fish wildfowl, particularly those originating South America, arrived more recently than other groups, mammals, plants North America. Non-deliberate introductions, aquatic elsewhere and/or Asia increased strongly importance after 2000 responsible 69, 83 89 % new introductions between 2001 2015, respectively. America contributed significantly to comparison species. From 1960s, ornamental trade has relative was deliberate groups since 2001. freshwater Southeast represent an increasingly important ecological economic threat Europe. Invertebrates such molluscs may be dangerous due their small size difficulties detection. Prevention future invasions this respect will require intensive screening stowaways boats raising public awareness.