Tibial fracture exacerbates traumatic brain injury outcomes and neuroinflammation in a novel mouse model of multitrauma.

摘要: Multitrauma is a common medical problem worldwide, and often involves concurrent traumatic brain injury (TBI) bone fracture. Despite the high incidence of combined TBI fracture, preclinical research commonly employs independent models that fail to incorporate pathophysiologic interactions occurring in multitrauma. Here, we developed novel mouse model multitrauma, investigated whether fracture worsened outcomes. Male mice were assigned into four groups: sham-TBI+sham-fracture (SHAM); sham-TBI+fracture (FX); TBI+sham-fracture (TBI); TBI+fracture (MULTI). The methods included closed-skull weight-drop closed tibial After 35-day recovery, underwent behavioral testing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MULTI displayed abnormal behaviors open-field compared with all other groups. On MRI, had enlarged ventricles diffusion abnormalities These changes occurred presence heightened neuroinflammation at 24 hours 35 days after injury, elevated edema blood–brain barrier disruption injury. Together, these findings indicate worsens outcomes, exacerbated may be an important factor contributes effects, which warrants further investigation.