Congestion and its Discontents

摘要: The title of this paper is taken from Sigmund Freud’s “Civilization and its Discontents,” (1930) it considered to be one his famous works. book central theme was that “the conflict between sexual needs societal mores the source mankind’s propensity for dissatisfaction, aggression, hostility ultimately, violence.” What can view on contribute understanding congestion? author believes congestion has a tendency bring out powerful instincts in people full satisfaction which incompatible with social life. Congestion an endemic problem American cities. Yet remedies are not obvious. Should cities do nothing, build more roads highways, institute pricing, reorganize layout communities so we less dependent automobiles, induce shift single-occupant automobile carpooling public transit, encourage telecommuting, revise green-field development redevelopment processes and/or enable transit? This examines how capacity, operations demand strategies have been used address congestion. It begins discussion various perspectives then describes some historical background urban next section discusses alternatives highway capacity expansion concludes prospects application these addressing future