The importance of cooperative interactions and a solid-state paradigm to proteins: what Peptide chemists can learn from molecular crystals.

摘要: Abstract Proteins and peptides in solution or vivo share properties with both liquids solids. More often than not, they are studied using the liquid paradigm rather that of a solid. Studies molecular crystals illustrate how use solid may change way we consider these important molecules. Cooperative interactions, particularly those involving H‐bonding, play much more roles paradigms, as clearly illustrate. Using for proteins includes cooperative interactions while application tends to ignore minimize them. Use has implications basic principles implied about peptide protein chemistry, such importance entropy folding nature hydrophobic effect. Understanding folded states (especially α‐helices) requires paradigm, whereas understanding unfolded does not. Both theoretical experimental studies energetics require comparison suitable standard. Our perspective on depends reasonable choice reference. The multiple reference states, component amino acids gas phase, is proposed.