摘要: Abstract In the last several years, Casimir energy for a variety of (1 + 1)-dimensional integrable models has been determined from exact S-matrix. It is shown here how to modify boundary conditions project out lowest-energy state, which enables one find excited-state energies. This done by calculating thermodynamic expectation values operators generate discrete symmetries. demonstrated with number perturbed conformal field theories, including Ising model, three-state Potts Z n parafermions, Toda S-matrices, and massless goldstinos.
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