摘要: This chapter discusses the factors that force ecosystem to change. Physical changes include climate and geophysical forces. The Earth's system includes atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, land, in one affect others through transfers of matter energy. Interannual interdecadal Gulf Alaska are primarily forced by atmospheric or oceanic components system. also gives an overview (1) biological interactions among species, (2) harvesting predator control man, (3) effects disease on populations, (4) man's wastes ocean. Exotic species can disrupt marine ecosystems. Competition is when populations compete for same resources, which limited supply, with adverse both competing populations. Commensalism benefits accrue only host unaffected. Marine ecosystems composed tangled food webs reflecting complex linkages predators prey. Food chains convenient graphical depictions flow energy, carbon nutrients throughout ecosystem. Reproductive competence perhaps highest ecological relevance all physiological responses.
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