Formalizing Indigenous Commons: The Role of ‘Authority’ in the Formation of Territories in Nicaragua, Bolivia, and the Philippines

摘要: Summary Indigenous peoples have sometimes sought the formalization of their customary territories to ensure enforcement borders. The process formalization, however, generates new conflicts. constituting collective is intimately related constitution authority, as it involves not only negotiation physical boundaries but also recognition a particular entity represent collective. Similarly, given that ‘authority’ implies legitimacy, such legitimacy will be produced. Comparing indigenous in Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Philippines, this article shows how authority emerges from conflictive processes shapes rights powers over forests.