PLANNING STYLES IN CONFLICT

作者: J E Innes , J Gruber

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摘要: Four planning styles were identified in a 5-year study of the San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission: technical/bureaucratic, political influence, social movement and collaborative. Each involved differing assumptions about knowledge, participating nature good plan. This article explores these show how they played out Commission's process. Findings showed that players using one style often mistrustful or contemptuous those working others. Regional actions (as opposed to packages projects for parochial interests) rare. The few regional initiatives emerged from collaborative movements. authors argue where diversity interdependence interests are high, collaboration is most effective approach. Key barriers included state federal funding formulas, earmarking, substantial documentation required by regulations. Collaborative could be encouraged use merit-based funding, simplified documentation, development performance measures linked welfare inclusion stakeholders who not seeking funding.

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