作者: Georgios Gakis , Ashish M. Kamat , Vitaly Margulis , Seth P. Lerner , Arnulf Stenzl
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1501-9_6
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摘要: The definition of high-risk UTUC comprises the risk progression, and not merely intracavitary recurrence. In this respect, open radical nephroureterectomy is standard treatment for UTUC, which consists removal entire kidney ureter along with excision bladder cuff. Laparoscopic approaches have been shown to provide similar outcomes in terms lymph node yield completeness resection, but these techniques be considered investigational.