Strong emergence in condensed matter physics

摘要: This paper argues that the physics of condensed matter cannot be fully reduced to supposedly fundamental quantum mechanical theory for all atoms which system consists. In fact, there are many reasons reject idea world is causally closed with everything being determined bottom-up by microscopic laws. illustrated considering how condensed-matter done in practice. It never starting a interaction system. Instead, approximations, plausible assumptions, intuitive models, and phenomenological theories used mathematically describe explain properties systems consist macroscopic number particles. I argue this not merely convenience, but qualitative differences or even contradictions between The includes list arguments favor strong emergence top-down causation within realm physics, response several widespread objections against view.