The palaeogeography of mosquito‐borne disease

摘要: Malaria parasites Plasmodiidae and their evolutionary precursors (Haemoproteidae arc found in reptiles, birds mammals. The distribution of reptile plasmodiids relative to the former Panamanian portal suggests an origin very early Tertiary at latest. Fossil vectors are known from Lower Cretaceous. Avian plasmodiids, unlike those no more successful than haemoproteids presumably recent origin. Their wide host range indifferent taxonomy admit little speculation. Mammal confined Dermoptera, artiodactyls, bats, rodents primates. Haemoproteids last four elephant shrews, suggesting Archonta allied arboreal ancestors artiodactvls. latter have acquired different [Anopheles sen. su slriclo) others which, so far as known, series Neomyzomyia subgenus C. ellia, a group African Primate malarias believed spread Africa into Asia, ol other orders evolved situ. Secondary acquisition is suspected murids. plasmodiid fauna clearly relict one. Human primate may been both zoonoses anthroponoses. association between human haemoglobinopathies affords clues palaeogeography man.