Energy Systems and Population Health

摘要: It is well-documented that energy and systems have a central role in social economic development human welfare at all scales, from household community to regional national (41). Among its various effects, closely linked with people s health. Some of the effects on health are direct. With abundant energy, more food or frequent meals can be prepared; refrigerated, increasing types items consumed reducing contamination; water pumps provide eliminate need for storage leading contamination increased exposure disease vectors such as mosquitoes snails; disinfected by boiling using other technologies radiation. Other public mediated through proximal determinants disease. Abundant lead irrigation, agricultural productivity, access nutrition; also increase small-scale income generation processing commodities (e.g., producing refined oil seeds, roasting coffee, drying preserving fruits meats) production crafts; ability control lighting heating allows education activities shielded daily seasonal environmental constraints light, temperature, rainfall, wind; time resources spent collecting and/or transporting fuels used needs if facilitated; availability transportation increases facilities allow activity facilitating goods services markets; telecommunication technology (radio, television, telephone, internet) provides information useful health, education, purposes; provision rural urban delivery coverage 3 interventions tests treatments, better medicine vaccines, disinfection medical equipment radiation, efficient system encounters mobile clinics longer working hours; so on. In fact, while dominant view development-energy-health linkages has been improvements outcomes socioeconomic process ladder framework discussed below), it even argued higher quality sources initiate chain demographic, changing structure relationships. For example, addition opportunities production, reduced infant mortality result transition cleaner vaccination refrigerators may demographic low-mortality low-fertility populations (14). Such historically followed further maternal child female participation labor markets activities.