Transactional and Cascading Relations between Early Spanking and Children's Social-Emotional Development.

摘要: The authors tested a series of models linking spanking and child social-emotional outcomes using sample 3,870 families from the Fragile Families Child Wellbeing study. Spanking was measured by number times focal spanked mother at ages 1, 3, 5. Internalizing externalizing symptoms were assessed Behavior Checklist 3 emotionality used to index behavior age 1. A nested transactional cascade through structural equation modeling. final model supported effects between behaviors over In addition, one effect found: 1 related greater which internalizing Implications for family theory future research are discussed.