Linking landscape-scale conservation to regional and continental outcomes for a migratory species.

摘要: Land-use intensification on arable land is expanding and posing a threat to biodiversity ecosystem services worldwide. We develop methods link funding for avian breeding habitat conservation management at landscape scales equilibrium abundance of migratory species the continental scale. apply this novel approach harvested bird valued by birders hunters in North America, northern pintail duck (Anas acuta), well below its population goal. Based empirical observations from 2007–2016, investments waterfowl cost $313 M affected <2% pintail’s primary area Prairie Pothole Region Canada. Realistic scenarios harvest costing an estimated $588 M (2016 USD) led predicted sizes <3 M when assuming average parameter values. Accounting uncertainty, converting 70–100% these croplands idle grassland (cost: $35.7B–50B) required achieve goal 4 M individuals under current policy. Using our work as starting point, we propose continued development modeling approaches that funding, delivery, response better integrate efforts economically important species.