How the Presence of Particle in the Light-Carrying Zone of the Michelson Interferometer Produces Anisotropy of the Speed of Light

摘要: In 1877 Maxwell suggested the idea of measuring anisotropy speed light c in aether by observing finite effects 2nd-order kinetic relationship υ/c. He kept mind translationally moving (with velocity υ) light-carrying zones interferometer with cross beams. Maxwell's doubts were caused smallness υ2/c2~10-8, which may appear to be main difficulty monitoring Earth's orbital velocity. Planning experiments 1881 and 1887 Michelson expected obtain values thousands times higher (0.04 0.4, respectively) than predicted. Even more surprising there appeared that measure-ments gave "zero" fringe shift. Basing on these measurements, 1905 Einstein rejected non-zero esti-mations, but has believed "zero"-experiments, postulated refusal from aether. Miller built (1905-1925) sensitive interferometers (MI) a length beams l||=l⊥ ~32 m. Over 20 years their improvement he achieved repeatability "aether wind" measurements range 5<υ<12 km/s. These evidences about worried very much author SRT. 1926 his article "My theory Miller's experiments," said those "should" contain "fundamental error" because must not vacuum. Otherwise, SRT is correct. Kennedy (1926), Illingworth (1927) Joos (1930) quick verify it experimentally. used helium MI, evacuated MI. By such inadequate experiment ways they obtained υ 3–10 less. But no one them guessed was connected ignorance different contribution atoms polarization permittivity light-carriers consisting particles air, laboratory Below proved recognition as real medium without loss reconciles existence material media Einstein's reasoning absence "pure" At same time, well positiveness shift air) an apparent "negative" (in helium), Joos's -