Do property rights in waste and by-products matter for promoting reuse, recycling and recovery? Lessons learnt from northwestern Europe

摘要: Abstract Within the context of concurrent global waste and resource crises, there is significant interest in promoting circular economies. One identified ways to facilitate greater circularity through replicable practices industrial symbiosis, where industries other organizations exchange by-products resulting economic, environmental, social benefits. This paper investigates role a particular critical legal mechanism – property rights enabling symbiosis by drawing on experiences by-product exchanges within three case studies located Kalundborg (Denmark), Peterborough (United Kingdom), Rotterdam (the Netherlands). In order determine whether are incentives, facilitative mechanisms, barriers, or opportunities, Schlager-Ostrom taxonomy applied. Case findings evidence that different regimes can have effects symbioses. There thus no absolute support presumed favor one regime over others; flexible hence allow for specificity.