Multinational Corporations, Business Groups, and Economic Nationalism: Standard Oil (New Jersey), Royal Dutch-Shell, and Energy Politics in Chile 1913-2005

摘要: This article analyzes the long-term strategies employed by multinational oil corporations in a late industrializing country with powerful business groups when faced economic nationalism. I study case of Royal Dutch-Shell Chile from 1913 to 2005, where two multinationals controlled 100 percent Chilean market until forced government accept domestic private company, COPEC, into new three-member cartel. The accepted this arrangement reluctantly, but long term it proved beneficial. COPEC's involvement protected hostile actions and gave legitimacy These benefits ended abandoned its import substitution industrialization strategy 1970s.