Landscape controls on the timing of spring, autumn, and growing season length in mid‐Atlantic forests

摘要: The timing of spring leaf development, trajectories summer area, and the autumn senescence have profound impacts to water, carbon, energy balance ecosystems, are likely influenced by global climate change. Limited field-based remote-sensing observations suggested complex spatial patterns related geographic features that influence climate. However, much this variability occurs at scales inhibit a detailed understanding even dominant drivers. Recognizing these limitations, we used nonlinear inverse modeling medium-resolution remote sensing data, organized day year, explore climate-related landscape factors on leaf-area in mid-Atlantic, USA forests. We also examined extent which declining greenness (greendown) degrades precision accuracy offset greenness. Of drivers phenology, elevation was strongest, explaining up 70% variation onset Urban land cover second importance, influencing distance 32 km from large cities. Distance tidal water phenological timing, but only within ~5 shorelines. Additionally, observed (i) growing season length unexpectedly increases with increasing elevations below 275 m; (ii) along gradients urban cover, has stronger effect than does onset; (iii) greendown introduces bias uncertainty into These results demonstrate power medium grain analyses landscape-scale phenology for environmental controls length, predicting how might be affected