摘要: Modulation between sleep and wake states is controlled by a number of heterogeneous neuron populations. Due to the topological proximity genetic co-localization neurons underlying sleep-wake state modulation optogenetic methods offer significant improvement in ability benefit from both precision targeting millisecond temporal control. Beginning with an overview populations mediating arousal, this review outlines progress that has been made investigation arousal circuits since incorporation techniques first vivo application stimulation hypocretin lateral hypothalamus. This followed discussion future can be incorporating more recent technological developments into research neural circuits.