Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida

摘要: Seasonal mortality of the citrusleafminer, Phyllocnistis citrellaStainton, was studied from 1994 through 1998 in`Tahiti' lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle,in Homestead, Florida. Survival eachdevelopmental host stage and proportionattacked by indigenous introduced naturalenemies were determined. Before recovery ofthe parasitoid, Ageniaspiscitricola Logvinovskaya, in 1995, thethird-instar had highest averageproportion parasitized individuals (0.14)followed prepupa (0.11) while firstinstar lowest proportion parasitized(0.02). After first andestablishment A. citricola, theproportion pupae increased to0.56 followed (0.14) thethird instar (0.11). introduction ofA. ofhosts killed predation observed insecond (0.17) third (0.15).After establishment introducedspecies, dead dueto greater for second instar(0.31) (0.21) larvae.Mortality caused natural enemieswas significantly correlated with increases ofP. citrella density. Parasitism exotic parasitoid,A. less well to hostdensity over season (r2 = 0.12) thandid 0.76). Moreover, a higherpercent population P. citrellawas obtained theindigenous enemies than introducedparasitoid as shown estimatesfrom 1995 1998.