Male Aggression and Sexual Coercion of Females in Nonhuman Primates and Other Mammals: Evidence and Theoretical Implications

摘要: Although Trivers' general rule has many exceptions, it accurately identifies the primary source of conflict between sexes: in most sexual organisms energy and time invested offspring comes from females . From this basic fact follows that , for males more than females, reproductive success is limited by number matings with fertile partners. For males, on other hand, effort required to garner transfer protect care them (Bateman, 1948; Trivers, 1972). Males therefore are usually eager mate at any partner who may be while careful choose mates seem likely provide good genes, protection, parental care, or resources addition gametes (Trivers, 1972; Alexander Borgia, 1979). Combined female interest quality, male quantity creates a widespread sexes (Borgia, 1979; Parker, Hammerstein 1987). The