Hydromorphology and Biodiversity in Headwaters — An Eco- Faunistic Substrate Preference Assessment in Forest Springs of the German Subdued Mountains

摘要: Springs are autochthonous inland freshwater ecosystems, which occur where groundwater reaches the surface [1-2]. From a limnological point of view springs divided into two subtypes: springhead (eucrenal) and springbrook (hypocrenal), because differen‐ tiation in their species composition caused by differences structural environmental parameters [3]. That is only part reality for hypocrenal when connected with flowing waters be integrated upper stream system (headwater). Regarding common spring types based on hydromorphological properties (rheocrene spring: fast or falling water occurrence; helocrene diffuse laminar limnocrene occurrence still pool), can also without run-off [4-5]. This importance understanding interpretation presence biodiversity springs, depending type it lotic lentic aquatic ecosystem an appropriate flow velocity as factor (lotic: 0.1 to 1 m/s; lentic: 0.001 0.01 m/s) [6]. Furthermore, should emphasized that ecotones boundary transition areas between different habitats [7]. The influenced interacting other communities characterized taxa rich regarding whole habitat (crenon) [8]. Beside typically (crenocenosis) fauna elements from (stygobionts) related (brook/river biota still-water biota). Also semi-aquatic terrestrial specific zones (semi-aquatic: Fauna hygropetrica, liminaria; terrestrial: hydrophilic fauna) [9-10]. German subdued mountains commonly cold stenothermic habitats, means mean annual