Unsafe management of a zoological garden as a cause of introduction of an alien species into the wild: First documented case of feral naturalized population of Lama glama in Europe

摘要: Abstract Zoological gardens host large numbers of wild species and domestic forms, mostly not indigenous to the place where zoological garden is located. Escapes (or releases) from are recognized as a pathway introduction alien species, leading in some cases naturalized population. Although previously reported worldwide, scientific accounts escapes zoos rare often anecdotal. In this note, we document, for first time Europe and, our knowledge, an area outside its native range, case establishment feral population Llama (Lama glama), originating group animals living captivity at Park Cavriglia (Tuscany, central Italy). We reconstruct detail story since 1974, also reporting preliminary data on abundance, distribution diet. Finally, critically evaluate causes introduction, highlighting how unsafe management can be, discuss implications conservation perspectives.