Integration of Cardiovascular Control Systems in Dynamic Exercise

摘要: The sections in this article are: 1 I. Intrinsic Properties of the Cardiovascular System: How They Permit Rise Cardiac Output 2 The Heart 2.1 Intrinsic Heart 2.2 Pericardial Constraints 3 The Vascular System 3.1 Distribution Resistance, Conductance, and Compliance 3.2 Dependency CVP on Output 3.3 Mechanical Effects Circulation—Auxiliary Pumps 3.4 Does Exercise Reduce Systemic Compliance? 3.5 Neural Control System during Exercise: Important? 3.6 Balance between Mechanical Neural Blood Flow Volume Distribution 4 II. Reflex During Dynamic What Variables are Sensed then Regulated by Autonomic Nervous Exercise? 4.1 Central Command 4.2 Reflexes from Active Muscles 5 Isometric Contractions: Testing Hypotheses 5.1 Isometric Contractions vs. Exercise 5.2 Open-Loop Closed-Loop Conditions 5.3 Does Pressor Response to Voluntary Isometric Contraction have Chemoreflex or Mechanoreflex Origin? 6 Functional Importance Muscle Chemoreflexes Exercise 6.1 Basic Concepts Theory 6.2 Changes MSNA as Evidence for Activity Exercise 6.3 Does Initiate Increased SNA with Unimpaired Flow? 6.4 Does Activation Correct Errors, if so, How? 7 Baroreflex Regulation Arterial Pressure (SAP) Conductance Exercise 7.1 Does Baroreflex SAP Exercise? 7.2 Characterization Analysis Function 7.3 Baroreflex Sensitivity Exercise 7.4 Importance Baroreflexes at Onset Exercise 7.5 Evidence Indicating “Resetting” Baroreflex 7.6 Central Command Resetting Baroreflex—An Hypothesis 8 Role Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors Exercise 8.1 The Cardiopulmonary, Low-Pressure, Baroreflex 8.2 Interaction Rest 8.3 Role Exercise 8.4 Interaction Chemoreflex 8.5 Interaction Exercise 8.6 Importance Exercise 9 Control Circulation Heat Stress: Competing Reflexes 9.1 Cardiovascular Demands Stress 9.2 Overall Cutaneous Circulation 9.3 Reflex Exercise 9.4 Baroreflex v. Thermoregulatory Exercise 10 How Does Physical Conditioning Alter Function? 10.1 Range Adjustment Overall Function 10.2 What Adjustments Explain ? 10.3 How does Maximal SV Increase Conditioning? 10.4 Does Change Circulation? 11 Synthesis 11.1 What is Controlling Exercise? 11.2 What Errors Are Corrected Exercise?