Multi-criteria feasibility assessment of cost-optimized alternatives to comply with heating demand of existing office buildings – A case study

摘要: Abstract In line with the EU's goal to phase out use of fossil fuel, Dutch government is determined have gas-free new buildings from 2018 onwards. However, over 90% heating demand in both existing residential and commercial currently accomplished natural gas, transitioning a system remains an enormous challenge. Though electric heat pumps are gaining large ground as substitute, increase electricity consumption also introduces uncertainties further complexities already constrained grid. This paper thus evaluates, impact switching greener side all-electric systems for characteristics office buildings, current composition production Netherlands. Using multi-objective computational simulations linear programming feasibility assessment using Kesselring method, study reveals hybrid energy (utilizing gas) favors fulfilling when considered individually. because switch translates shift building central on-going situation