Biogeographic analysis of the woody plants of the Southern Appalachians: Implications for the origins of a regional flora.

摘要: PREMISE OF THE STUDY We investigated the origins of 252 Southern Appalachian woody species representing 158 clades to analyze larger patterns biogeographic connectivity around northern hemisphere. tested hypotheses regarding timing disjunctions eastern Asia and among areas North America. METHODS delimited into biogeographically informative clades, compiled sister-area data, generated graphic representations area connections across clades. calculated taxon diversity within plotted divergence times. KEY RESULTS Of total diversity, 45% were distributed 25 American endemic Sister taxa America proportionally equal in frequency, accounting for over 50% connections. At increasing phylogenetic depth, Old World dominated. Divergence times 65 with intercontinental continuous, whereas 11 intracontinental western nine Mexico temporally congruent. CONCLUSIONS Over one third have likely undergone speciation region The pattern is asymmetric, consisting mostly mixed-aged, low-diversity connecting World, a minority New time data suggest that climate change Late Miocene Early Pliocene disjunct Continuous splitting during last 45 million years support hypothesis widespread distributions formed repeatedly favorable periods, serial cooling trends producing pseudocongruent between Asia.