Pathogen recognition and development of particulate vaccines: does size matter?

摘要: Abstract The use of particulate carriers holds great promise for the development effective and affordable recombinant vaccines. Rational requires a detailed understanding particle up-take processing mechanisms to target cellular pathways capable stimulating required immune responses safely. These are in turn based on how host has evolved recognize process pathogens. Pathogens, as well vaccines, come wide range sizes biochemical compositions. Some these also provide ‘danger signals’ so that antigen ‘senting cells (APC), usually dendritic (DC), acquire specific stimulatory activity. Herein, we an overview types particles currently under investigation formulation discuss uptake (endocytosis, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, clathrin-dependent and/or caveloae-mediated) pathogens different sizes, possessing presentation by APC general, DC particular. Since size composition can influence response, inducing humoral immunity, activating CD8 T CD4 helper 1 2 type, characteristics have major impact vaccine efficacy. Recently developed methods vaccines presented this issue Methods , showcasing “cutting edge” employ ranging from nano micro-sized. This special further addresses practical issues production, affordability, reproducibility stability formulation, includes discussion economic regulatory challenges encountered developing veterinary common Third World infectious diseases.