摘要: We survey metrics proposed for object-oriented systems, focusing on product metrics. The is intended the purposes of understanding, classifying, and analyzing ongoing research in applies fundamental measurement theory to artifacts created by development activities. develop a mathematical formalism that captures this perspective clearly, giving appropriate attention peculiarities system developmenr process. Consistent representation available metrics, following formalism, shows current area contains varying coverage different products their properties at stages. consistent also facilitates several analyses including aggregation across usage equivalent formulation multiple researchers, exploitation traditional trace chronological area, uncover gaps suggest opportunities future research.