Sampling and Measurement of Ammonia at Animal Facilities

摘要: Scientific understanding and technical control of ammonia (NH3) at animal facilities, including buildings, feedlots, manure storages, treatment plants, depend on reliable sampling measurement techniques to ensure high quality data that are essential the study abatement NH3 emission. This chapter focuses methodology technology has been tested or applied under field conditions since 1960s. It draws a comprehensive updated picture state art concentration facilities. Ammonia requires selection location, time, and/or sample volume. Three methods, closed, point, open-path summarized. Thirty-one instruments/sensors identified. They categorized in nine groups evaluated according their characteristics. Field studies applications these reviewed Principles, procedures, advantages, disadvantages various discussed. An overview is provided. Errors resulted from calibration, sampling, measurement, processing Error reduction methods presented. Recommendations made for devices future needs development methodologies standards.