The Duality of Persons and Groups

摘要: A metaphor of classical social theory concerning the "intersection" persons within groups and individual is translated into a set techniques to aid in empirical analysis interpenetration networks interpersonal ties intergroup ties. These are useful in'the study director interlocks, clique structures, organizations community national power other collectivities which share members. The "membership network analysis" suggested this paper compared contrasted with sociometric approaches applied by Davis et al. (1941) participation eighteen women. Consider has often appeared sociological literature but remained largely unexploited work. Individuals come together (or, metaphorically, "intersect" one another) groups, based on shared interests, personal affinities, or ascribed status members who participate regularly collective activities. At same time, particular patterning an individual's affiliations (or person) defines his points reference (at least partially) determines individuality.1 following discussion consists translation that they comprise. My usage term "group" restrictive I consider only those for membership lists available-through published sources, reconstruction from field observation interviews, any means. Such include corporation boards directors (J. Levine, 1972), structure (Lieberson, 1971; Perrucci Pilisuk, 1970), cliques high school (Bonacich, 1972; Coleman, 1961), political factions. Donald Levine (1959:19-22) writes "the concept dualism" key principle "underlying Simmel's thought." explicates dualism as assumption . subsistence aspect human life depends coexistence diametrically opposed elements." own comparable "duality" specified respect Equations 3 4 below.2 THE BASIC CONCEPTION individuals such value tie between two defined number both de* For their criticism encouragement, am indebted Harrison White, Gregory Heil, Francois Lorrain, Scott Boorman. seminars first introduced me thought, Kurt H. Wolff. Thanks due Professor White support through NSF Grant GS-2689. 1 Simmel (1955) entitled essays "The Intersection Social Circles," Reinhard Bendix changed title because "a literal phrase almost meaningless plays geometric analogies; it seemed advisable minimize play words ." (Simmel, 1955:125). assertion original not at all inappropriate, see Walter's essay (1959). more complete explication "dualism" inherent D. Lipman, Tenbruck Wolff similar was put forward America Charles Cooley (1902:148), wrote "A man may be regarded point intersection indefinite circles representing having many arcs passing him there groups." Much later, Sorokin (1947:345) observed egos different strata he connected." On "much neglected" development "social circle" since writings, Kadushin (1966). 2The "directional duality principle" enunciated Harary (1965) distinguished my conception. former reversing directionality lines graph; method paper, graph transformed its dual graph, vice versa.