The Rhine as Hotspot of Parasite Invasions

摘要: The Rhine has been severely impacted by non-indigenous free-living and parasite species, largely triggered the connection of Ponto-Caspian Central European area due to inauguration Main-Danube Canal in 1992. In present review, we give a brief summary species invasions with focus on related changes communities that have recorded last decades. Among most relevant invaders, find “killer shrimp,” Dikerogammarus villosus, various gobiids. Together hosts, several were introduced stayed mostly their original host, e.g., monogenean Gyrodactylus proterorhini gobiids acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus its specific intermediate host Gammarus tigrinus. Other parasites colonized indigenous after introduction (parasite spillover), monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini anguillae, nematode Anguillicola crassus, tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, acanthocephalans genus Pomphorhynchus. As both A. crassus Pomphorhynchus sp. use gobies as paratenic also an example spillover Rhine. Furthermore, cases co-infection same cysts serve “refuge” for larvae which probably increases efficiency transmission eel final host. Therefore, this combination invasive two is unique invasional meltdown. Finally, illustrate drastic caused interactions parasites, using examples species.