Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary): In Vitro Culture, Regeneration of Plants, and the Level of Essential Oil and Monoterpenoid Constituents

摘要: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., family Labiatae), a plant native to Mediterranean countries, is an evergreen shrub (Fig. 1) commonly grown for extraction of its aromatic oils by steam distillation. About 100 metric tons oil are produced each year, mainly in Spain, Italy, France, Yugoslavia, the former USSR, Tunisia, Morocco, and Middle East (Browse 1986). Spain largest producer rosemary. Several species genus Rosmarinus with number varieties known (Guenther 1949). The yield much higher during summer than winter. In summer, 12 arrobas (1 arroba = 11.5 kg or about 25 lb.) materials one oil, while winter 20 required. properties rosemary vary according several environmental factors associated producing region, e.g., soil, climate, season harvesting Sovoboda Deans (1992) reported that antioxidative various samples collected from different dealers markets varied geographical location type processing. used widely perfume industry. also food processing as preservative. Its essential have been shown inhibit Gram-positive -negative bacteria (Narasimha Rao Nigam 1970). Generally, more sensitive sage Gram-negative ones.