The world of programming languages

摘要: Preface.- Acknowledgements.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Building of the Tower Babel.- 1.2 What Is a Programming Language?.- 1.3 Why Study Languages?.- 1.4 Should We Look for in 1.5 Language Design Issues.- 1.6 Languages.- Further Reading.- 2. Elements Language.- 2.1 Informal Description Mini-language Core.- 2.2 Semantics 2.3 and Process.- 2.4 Definition 2.5 Formal Syntax.- 2.6 Other Context-free Syntax Definitions.- 3. Names, Locations, Values.- 3.1 Ref.- 3.2 Declarations.- 3.3 Assignment.- 3.4 Statements as Expressions.- 3.5 Where to Look: Algol 68, Smalltalk.- 4. Control Structures.- 4.1 Control.- 4.2 Basic Structures Flowgraphs.- 4.3 Theorems on 4.4 One-in, One-out 4.5 Goto Statement Label 4.6 Conclusions.- 4.7 Pascal, Ada.- 5. Data Types.- 5.1 Type.- 5.2 Meaning 5.3 Primitive 5.4 Array 5.5 Record 5.6 Type Checking.- 5.7 Fortran, PL/I.- 6. Input Output.- 6.1 Format.- 6.2 Varieties Input-output Specifications.- 6.3 Communication with Outside World.- 6.4 Cobol, 7. Procedures Parameters.- 7.1 Procedures.- 7.2 Abstractions.- 7.3 Arguments 7.4 Value-returning 7.5 Coroutines.- 7.6 PL/I, 8. Nesting Scope.- 8.1 8.2 Idea 8.3 Storage Allocation.- 8.4 Dynamic 8.5 APL.- 9. New 9.1 Typedef.- 9.2 9.3 Structured 9.4 User Defined Operators.- 9.5 68.- 10. Dynamically Varying 10.1 10.2 10.3 Pointers.- 10.4 Criteria 10.5 Allocation Storage.- 10.6 11. Exception Handling.- 11.1 Exceptions.- 11.2 11.3 Issues 11.4 12. Parallel Processing.- 12.1 Parallel.- 12.2 A First Solution Decoding Problem.- 12.3 Putting Buffer Task.- 12.4 Interrupting.- 12.5 12.6 Concurrent Modula-2, 13. Separately Compiled Modules.- 13.1 13.2 Packaging Subprograms.- 13.3 Abstract 13.4 Modula 2, Ada, 14. Swamp Complexity.- 14.1 Forms 14.2 Escaping from Swamp.- References.