ON THE DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF DOMINANCE AND TERRITORIALITY

摘要: Summary 1. Dominance/subordinance is a relationship between two individuals in which one defers to the other contest situations. Each such represents an adaptive compromise for each individual benefits and costs of giving or not are compared. Familiar associates groups neighbours on nearby territories may develop relatively stable dominant-subordinate relationships based recognition. Although aggressive aspects dominance usually emphasized, less conspicuous actions subordinate actually more important maintaining relationship. 2. In evolutionary terms, essentially equals priority access resources short supply. Usually subordinate, who would probably lose combat anyway, better off bide its time until able compete at another place. Both save time, energy, risk injury by recognizing abiding established relationship. 3. Dominance can be either absolute predictably reversible different locations times. Of various forms behaviour, rank hierarchies territoriality represent extremes relative dominance, respectively. A hierarchy sum total compromises made aggregation organized group. Many animals seem capable both within species-specific limits balance shift toward other. High density, decrease available resources, favours from dominance. Some species exhibit simultaneously. Social mammals have intra-group reciprocal groups, while males lek ‘polarized territoriality’ defending small territories, with most dominant holding central where mating takes place. 4. Territoriality form space-related Most biologists agree that function provide territory holder assured supply critical resources. selected only when individual's genetic fitness increased because outweighs territorial behaviour. 5. was first defined narrowly as area conspecifics excluded overt defence advertisement. The definition has been variously expanded include all exclusive areas without regard possible defence, finally owner dominant. I define fixed portion group's range it over others elsewhere time. This must achieved through social interaction. 6. My excludes space moving includes use maintained mutual avoidance. It differs definitions explicit recognition parameter rejection exclusivity necessary components behaviour. There indivisible continuum degrees trespass onto functionally rather than occupancy. 7. similarly intensity behaviour needed achieve Deciding whether defended leads pointless exercise trying decide cues indicating owner's presence enough merit being called defence. Concentrating emphasizes equally submissive passive