Understanding scales of movement: animals ride waves and ripples of environmental change.

摘要: Summary1. Animal movements are the primary behavioural adaptation to spatiotemporal heterogeneityin resource availability. Depending on their scale, have been catego-rized into distinct functional groups (e.g. foraging movements, dispersal, migration), and havebeen studied using different methodologies. We suggest striving towards development of acoherent framework based ultimate function all movement types, which is increaseindividual fitness through an optimal exploitation resources varying in space time.2. developed a novel approach simultaneously study at spatiotem-poral scales following proposed theory: length frequency animalmovements determined by interaction between temporal autocorrelation resourceavailability spatial changes hypothesizedthat for each time interval moose Alces alces corre-spond variation gains derived from exploita-tion when taking account costs (represented proxies, forageavailability NDVI snow depth respectively). The change snowwere quantified wave theory, were related scale usinglinear mixed models.3. In support theory we found that frequent, smaller weretriggered fast, small-scale ripples changes, whereas infrequent, larger movementsmatched slow, large-scale waves Similarly, inhabit-ing ranges characterized onset spring migratedlonger distances.4. showed driven netprofitability trophic resources. Our can be extended include drivers move-ments other than population density, density individuals,predation risk) may facilitate assessment impact environmental oncommunity dynamics conservation.Key-words: alces, foraging, Fourier transform, GPS, migration, NDVI, phenology,resource, scales, snowIntroduction