Dispersal ecology of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in its native environment as related to Swedish forestry

摘要: Abstract Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) covers extensive areas of the mountains western North America. It has evolved into four subspecies, each adapted to slightly different environmental conditions. All are reproduce following fire. Subspecies latifolia is most and economically important in Serotiny common this but trees bearing nonserotinous cones can be found stands, sometimes constituting more that 70% trees. Cone crops produced yearly seed loss predators, insects diseases minimal. Germination establishment occurs across a broad range conditions allowing lodgepole grow on poor sites as well highly productive sites. These characteristics give ability invasive new suitable habitat.