Pathophysiology of tics and Tourette syndrome.

摘要: Tics are involuntary movements that can affect one or more muscles producing simple complex movements. Blink reflex and startle studies disclose an increased excitability of brainstem interneurons. Analysis voluntary movement shows when advance visual information is reduced, patients with tics Tourette syndrome become progressively slower in completing motor sequences. Sensorimotor integration abnormally processed. Studies the contingent negative variation demonstrate abnormalities preparation investigation premotor potentials some not preceded by a normal potential. Magnetic stimulation cortical cortex. Functional MRI, PET SPECT show abnormal activation subcortical areas. Dysfunction basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical projections affects sensorimotor, language limbic circuits, may explain why have difficulty inhibiting unwanted behaviors impulses.