Valuing the manufacturing externalities of wind energy: assessing the environmental profit and loss of wind turbines in Northern Europe

摘要: This study draws from a concept green accounting, lifecycle assessment, and industrial ecology known as 'environmental profit loss” (EP&L) to determine the extent of externalities across manufacturing wind energy. So far, no EP&Ls have involved energy companies none or turbines. We perform an EP&L for three types turbines sited built in Northern Europe (Denmark Norway) by major manufacturer: 3.2 MW onshore turbine with mixed concrete steel foundation, 3.0 MW offshore foundation. For each these types, we identify monetize related carbon dioxide emissions, air pollution, waste. find that total environmental losses range €1.1 million foundation €740,000 about €500,000 foundation—equivalent almost one-fifth construction cost some instances. conclude emissions dominate amount damages need work 2.5 5.5 years payback their debts. Even though are installed Europe, China South Korea accounted 80% type turbine. Lastly, two components, foundations towers, account 90% all damages. six implications analysts, suppliers, manufacturers, planners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.