Ecology of highlands

摘要: I. Introduction..- What is highland?.- The high altitude environment.- Principal highlands.- References.- II. physical environment of the highlands..- Atmospheric pressure.- Air temperature.- Standard atmospheres.- Composition atmosphere.- Precipitable water.- Regimes temperature and Other properties.- Upper air.- III. radiation environment..- Solar energy outside Effect Sunlight that reaches highlands directly.- attenuation sunlight on a clear day.- effect haze.- Total direct radiation.- Indirect Limitations calculations.- Conclusion.- IV. Correcting boiling points..- Clausius-Clapeyron equation.- Germann charts.- Othmers modification.- Myers' Duhrings rule.- methods.- Automatic V. Compensating for chemical effects lower atmospheric pressure..- Simple model.- Practical correction time.- Arrhenius activation energy.- Heat vaporization.- Discussion factor.- Amenable reactions.- Solutions under reflux.- Open solutions.- egg other special cases.- ways to compensate altitude.- VI. Barometry..- problem.- Standards WMO.- Mercury barometers.- Aneroid Constructing mercury barometer.- contrabarometer.- Electronic devices.- Hypsometer.- A 'chemical' method.- VII. Psychrometry..- Alternatives Psychrometer.- VIII. For engineer..- Azeotropes.- Combustion.- More complex flames.- Engines.- Gravity.- IX. in space age..- Remote sensing Instruments remote sensing.- Platforms Multispectral photography radiometry.- Integrating several spectral bands.- Landsat false colour infrared image.- Photographs from space.- landsat satellites.- Polar orbiting meteorological Geosynchronous picture transmission (APT).- Obtaining imagery EROS Data Center.- Independent identifying Gemini, Apollo, Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab Imagery.- Some comments.- X. vegetation Characters highland plants.- typical i. Dicotyledons.- ii. Monocotyledons.- African mountains.- Andes.- XL animal life Peculiarities hypsobiont animals.- Temperature oriented Pressure iii. minor peculiarities.- Minor invertebrates.- Arthropoda.- A. Crustacea.- B. Arachnida.- C. myriapod complex.- D. Insects.- Vertebrates.- Lowland animals at Aeolian derelicts.- Summit-seeking species.- Ecological significance.- XII. Man ecosystem: physiology native highlanders..- natives General physique.- Respiratory cardiovascular systems.- Conclusions.- XIII. exposure altitude..- Hypoxia.- Hypoxia man.- changes.- Cardiovascular Changes blood.- Neurohormonal Metabolism, growth reproduction.- Action ionizing radiations.- Psychic effects.- XIV. human acclimatization conditions..- Basic features.- Factors influencing acclimatization.- Individual factors.- Previous experience rate ascent iv. Altitude limits.- v. Duration stay vi. Activity during vii. Mountain constant.- Epilogue.- XV. future..- electromagnetic Corpuscular Chemical engineer.- Biology.- References.