Principles and practice of skin toxicology

摘要: Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of contributors PART I Introduction 1 Cutaneous anatomy and function Robert P. Chilcott 1.1 scope 1.2 Surface features 1.3 Functional histology the epidermis associated structures 1.4 Species differences Summary References 2 Biochemistry skin Simon C. Wilkinson 2.1 2.2 Protein synthesis organisation during epidermal differentiation 2.3 Lipid 2.4 classes in stratum corneum 2.5 Stratum turnover 2.6 Biotransformations 3 Skin photobiology Mark A. Birch-Machin 3.1 3.2 Photoprotection melanogenesis 3.3 Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure its link with photoageing cancer 3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker sun human 3.5 Apoptosis 3.6 Sun protection II Absorption 4 route entry 4.1 Salient anatomical - 'brick mortar model' 4.2 regional variation structure 4.3 permeability 4.4 Intra- inter-individual percutaneous absorption 4.5 Effect age on barrier 4.6 Role appendages 4.7 The vitro sandwich model 4.8 Penetration particles through 5 Physicochemical Factors Affecting Keith R. Brain 5.1 5.2 properties 5.3 Exposure considerations 6 Principles Diffusion Thermodynamics W. John Pugh 6.1 6.2 Some definitions pertaining to kinetics 6.3 Basic concepts diffusion 6.4 Fick's Laws 6.5 Thermodynamic activity 6.6 substance from two different vehicles 6.7 Partitioning 6.8 Diffusivity 6.9 data risk assessments 7 In vivo measurements James Wakefield 7.1 7.2 Why conduct studies? 7.3 Ethics legislation 7.4 Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427 7.5 Alternative methods 8 Ruth U. Pendlington 8.1 8.2 Regulatory guidelines 8.3 assess ? 8.4 principle 8.5 Choice cell 8.6 membrane 8.7 Integrity 8.8 receptor fluid sampling 8.9 Test material 8.10 Application test preparation 8.11 Examples results studies 8.12 What is considered be absorbed? 8.13 Micro-autoradiography III Toxicological Assessment 9 immunology sensitisation David Basketter 9.1 9.2 Definitions 9.3 9.4 Identification sensitisers 9.5 Risk assessment 9.6 Other types allergic reaction 9.7 Future prospects 10 phototoxicity assays Penny Jones 10.1 10.2 strategies for testing 10.3 UV/visible spectrum pre-screen 10.4 using monolayer cultures 10.5 photoallergenicity 10.6 3-D models 11 alternatives irritation corrosion 11.1 11.2 Acute dermal irritation/corrosion 11.3 Validation/regulatory status 11.4 tests 11.5 11.6 12 Instruments measuring toxicity Helen Taylor 12.1 12.2 surface pH 12.3 Biomechanical 12.4 Sebum 12.5 contours 12.6 Thickness 12.7 Desquamation 12.8 Applications measurement transepidermal water loss 12.9 Guidance TEWL 12.10 Hydration 12.11 hydration 12.12 Relationship between 12.13 Colour 12.14 Measurement vascular perfusion 12.15 A final word caution IV Clinical Aspects 13 dermatology Manjunatha Kalavala Alex Anstey 13.1 13.2 patient disease 13.3 manifestations following chemicals pharmaceutical formulations 13.4 Overview standard treatments 14 aspects Anthony D. Pearse 14.1 14.2 UV-induced reactions 14.3 Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) 14.4 Photosensitive 15 Occupational diseases Jon Spiro 15.1 15.2 Dermatitis 15.3 Development occupational dermatitis 15.4 Patterns 15.5 Incidence 15.6 Effects work 15.7 outlook 15.8 15.9 disorders 15.10 Investigation case at 16 Prevention Chris Packham 16.1 16.2 Defining problem 16.3 Material safety sheets 16.4 Chain responsibility 16.5 Managing 16.6 Selection use personal protective equipment 16.7 Protective or 'barrier' creams: do they have role? 16.8 role education training 16.9 Conclusions V 17 exposures: legal 17.1 17.2 Brief overview current United Kingdom 17.3 employer's perspective 17.4 Hazard identification 17.5 17.6 Gloves: note 18 Safety cosmetics: an EU Jo Larner 18.1 18.2 Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC 18.3 requirements 18.4 Scientific advice 18.5 Influence other 18.6 Adverse effects cosmetics 18.7 Toxicity cosmetic ingredients 18.8 18.9 consideration Appendix Additional obligations suppliers 19 dermatotoxicology international Adam Woolley 19.1 19.2 context 19.3 Product groups 19.4 Dermal toxicology product 19.5 19.6 Repeat dose 19.7 Classic short-term 19.8 Pragmatic 20 Glossary main terms abbreviations Index