Current issues in spinal anesthesia

摘要: Spinal anesthesia is an old, simple, and popular anesthetic technique, yet much remains unknown regarding pertinent anatomy, physiology, pharmacology. Investigations into physiologic effects of spinal reveal complex actions on multiple organ systems. New local anesthetics, analgesic additives, techniques are being investigated for different applications as the practice medicine focuses outpatient care. Safety agents complications from continue to be examined re-examined improve safety. Further study will needed fully resolve these issues further understand clinical use anesthesia.