‘Separating the Roots of the Chrysanthemum’: Nishihara Kamezō and the Abortive China Loans, 1917-18

摘要: In the period between 1917 and 1918, a series of mysterious loans negotiated Japanese middleman Nishihara Kamezō 西原亀三 government warlord Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 amounted to fabulous amount ¥145,000,000. Although reporting about these at time was confused say least, we now know that there existed definite close relationships on one hand, Terauchi Cabinet in Tokyo, person then Minister Finance Shōda Kazue 勝田主計 particular.1 Analyzing their geopolitical historical particularity isolation is, however, miss point. what context(s) were infamous raised? What was, for instance nature climate international institutional character? Next, respect did differ from earlier, more 'official' instances yen diplomacy? they represent break with former administrations, and, importantly, exist broad consensus objectives appropriateness? And not least: how China's turbulent politics contribute ill fate?