Stress and resistance to infectious diseases in fish

摘要: Abstract: It has been long recognized that stress increases disease susceptibility. Therefore is not just the presence of pathogens but results from a combination factors. As result we have to be wary concentrating solely on role in aetiology infectious diseases. Since 1980s great deal work conducted relationship between and susceptibility, which resulted much improved understanding disease. This includes nature evolutionary context immune responses. Despite more profound internal systems must still aware direct indirect effects stressors order understand control diseases fish. Although individual variability population level make it difficult predict outcome specific circumstances, general principles important implications for aquaculture health management.