Improper Solutions in Structural Equation Models Causes, Consequences, and Strategies

摘要: In this article, the authors examine most common type of improper solutions: zero or negative error variances. They address causes of, consequences and strategies to handle these issues. Several hypotheses are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation models, including two structural equation models with several misspecifications each model. Results suggested unique findings. First, increasing numbers omitted paths in measurement model were associated decreasing solutions. Second, bias parameter estimates was higher samples solutions than only proper Third, investigations constrained presence indicated that inequality constraints helped some achieve convergence. Finally, use confidence intervals as well four other proposed tests yielded similar results when testing whether variance greater equ...