Species Mixing Effects on Forest Productivity: A Case Study at Stand-, Species- and Tree-Level in the Netherlands

摘要: Many monoculture forests have been converted to mixed-species in Europe over the last decades. The main reasons for this conversion were probably increase productivity, including timber production, and enhance other ecosystem services, such as conservation of biodiversity nature values. This study was done by synthesizing results from studies carried out Dutch mixed compared with stands evaluating them perspective current theory. Then we explored possible mechanisms higher productivity stands, relation combination species, stand age soil fertility, discussed consequences forest management. covered five two-species mixtures their corresponding using long-term permanent plots multiple decades well two inventories (around 2003 2013) across entire Netherlands. These plot data used together empirical models at total level, species level tree level. Overyielding Douglas-fir–beech pine–oak maintained time, owing intensive thinning achieved on poorer soils. However, overyielding not always driven fast-growing light-demanding species. On individual intra-specific competition necessarily stronger than inter-specific competitive reduction less seen lower fertility dependent mixtures. Moreover, size-asymmetric light more associated basal area growth size-symmetric resources. Overall, suggests a substantial potential mixing increasing implies developing management strategies convert monospecific that consider complementarity resource acquisition